Family: Onagraceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad elevation range
  
• Grows, and able to spread, in regions with tropical climates.
  
• Naturalized on Hawaii Island, and possibly New Zealand.
  
• Other species have become invasive.
  
• Tolerates many soil types.
  
• Reproduces by seeds.
  
• Gynodioecious; plants with perfect flowers reportedly self-fertile
  
• Seeds dispersed by birds, and intentionally cultivated by people.

Low Risk Traits:

• Although controlled in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, negative impacts were not quantified.
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
  
• Provides fodder for livestock.
  
• Non-toxic
  
• Gynodioecious breeding system may limit seed production, especially for isolated plants.
  
• Herbicides may provide effective control.