Family: Primulaceae

Shoebutton ardisia (Ardisia elliptica) is a shrub or small tree native to tropical Asia that was introduced to Hawaii as an ornamental plant. It produces clusters of small pinkish flowers followed by dark purple to black fruits that are readily eaten and spread by birds. This plant thrives in shaded areas, including forests and gulches, where it can grow up to 5 meters tall. It has attractive foliage and berries, but these same traits have helped it spread quickly beyond cultivation.

In Hawaii, shoebutton ardisia is considered invasive and poses a serious threat to native ecosystems. It forms dense stands that shade out and displace native plants, reducing forest diversity and regeneration. Because of its ability to invade intact forests and spread widely, it is classified as a high-risk species and is not recommended for planting anywhere in the islands. Landowners and gardeners are encouraged to remove existing plants and choose safer, non-invasive alternatives.

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui and Hawai'i
  
• Forms dense, monotypic stands
  
• Suited to tropical/subtropical climates
  
• Shade tolerant
  
• Self-compatible & autogamous
  
• Bird-dispersed seeds
  
• Seedlings persist in shade
  
• Poor herbicide response
  
• No effective natural enemies

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines/thorns/burrs
  
• Not toxic to humans/animals
  
• Not a major pest host
  
• Low fire risk
  
• No vegetative spread