Family: Rubiaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility in tropical regions
  
• Thrives in tropical climates
  
• Naturalized on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
  
• Shade-tolerant (could invade intact forest)
  
• Tolerates many soil types (not substrate-limited)
  
• Reproduces by seeds
  
• Reported to be self-pollinating
  
• Seeds dispersed by birds, water and intentionally by people

Low Risk Traits:

• Despite naturalization, no reports of negative impacts (but limited cultivation outside native range)
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
  
• Non-toxic
  
• Edible fruit and ornamental uses
  
• Not reported to spread vegetatively
  
• Recalcitrant seeds may not form a persistent seed bank