Family: Costaceae
High Risk Traits:
- Geophyte – spreads via rhizomes/tubers
- Produces viable seeds
- Seeds bird-dispersed with arils
- Seeds survive gut passage
- Reproduces vegetatively (rhizomes)
- Short generation time (1 year)
- Widely cultivated and intentionally spread
- Naturalized outside native range (e.g., Hawaii)
- Reported invasive in Sri Lanka
- Tolerates varied soils and pH
Low Risk Traits:
- No spines, thorns, or burrs
- Not parasitic
- Not reported as toxic
- Prefers shade; less likely in full sun
