Family: Apocynaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Invasive outside native range (Florida, Australia, Hawaiʻi)
  
• Environmental weed, disrupts native ecosystems
  
• Toxic to livestock and humans
  
• Climbing/smothering growth habit
  
• Wind- and water-dispersed seeds
  
• Tolerates poor soils
  
• Intentionally introduced by humans
  
• Fire-tolerant, resprouts after damage

Low Risk Traits:

• Requires full sun (not shade-tolerant)
  
• Low seed production (<1,000 seeds/m²)
  
• Short-lived seed bank (<1 year)
  
• No vegetative spread
  
• Requires specialist pollinators
  
• Controllable with herbicides