Family: Plantaginaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Widely naturalized beyond native range
  
• Thrives in disturbed areas
  
• Congeneric weed (Digitalis lanata is noxious)
  
• Highly toxic to animals and humans
  
• Forms dense stands that displace native vegetation
  
• Self-compatible; reproduces without mates or pollinators
  
• Produces up to 500,000 seeds per plant
  
• Seeds viable in soil for at least five years
  
• Dispersed intentionally by people, as well as by wind and water
  
• Broad climate suitability (USDA zones 3–9)
  
• Tolerates wide range of soil types and pH levels

Low Risk Traits:

• Not an agricultural, forestry, or horticultural weed
  
• Lacks spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Palatable to grazing animals (despite toxicity)
  
• Not allelopathic
  
• Requires soil disturbance to establish seedlings
  
• Reproduces only by seed; no vegetative spread
  
• Does not increase fire risk