Family: Zygophyllaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized on O'ahu
  
• Repeated introductions outside native range
  
• Tolerates sand, clay, and loam
  
• Produces viable seed
  
• Intentionally dispersed by people (widely planted)
  
• Bird-dispersed (fleshy fruit)
  
• Seeds survive gut passage

Low Risk Traits:

• Rarely naturalized beyond native range (rare escape only)
  
• Not a weed (agricultural, forestry, or environmental)
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• No evidence of toxicity (animals or humans)
  
• No shade tolerance (requires full sun)
  
• Does not form dense thickets (rare, slow-growing)
  
• Not wind- or water-dispersed
  
• Not a prolific seed producer (one seed per fruit)
  
• No persistent seed bank (recalcitrant seeds)