Family: Cupressaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad climate tolerance (USDA zones 5B–11; wide temp, rainfall, and altitude range)
  
• Repeated introductions outside native range (e.g., Taiwan, Turkey)
  
• Congeneric weed (J. pinchotii is invasive)
  
• Host for pear rust pathogen (Gymnosporangium asiaticum)
  
• Unpalatable to deer
  
• Persistent seed bank (germination takes >1 year)
  
• Poorly controlled by herbicides
  
• Tolerates alkaline, infertile, and shallow soils

Low Risk Traits:

• Slow to mature (10+ years to bear seeds)
  
• Not a weed (gardens, agriculture, environment)
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs (prickly leaves not harmful)
  
• Not allelopathic or toxic
  
• Dioecious (requires cross-pollination)
  
• No vegetative fragmentation
  
• No wind dispersal (seeds not winged)
  
• Low seed output (2–3 seeds per cone)
  
• No resprouting after cutting or fire
  
• Does not form dense thickets