Family: Magnoliaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Repeated introductions outside native range
  
• Tolerates coppicing
  
• Intentionally dispersed by people (ornamental, fragrance)
  
• Bird-dispersed seeds (based on M. champaca)
  
• Seeds survive gut passage with enhanced germination
  
• Produces viable seed

Low Risk Traits:

• Not naturalized (only cultivated)
  
• No weed history
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Not allelopathic, parasitic, or toxic
  
• No fire hazard
  
• Narrow soil preference
  
• No vegetative fragmentation
  
• No wind/water dispersal
  
• No persistent seed bank (<1 year)
  
• Low seed production