Family: Passifloraceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized in multiple regions (New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Florida, Hawaii, Jamaica)
  
• Naturalized on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i
  
• Environmental weed (Category 2 invader in South Africa)
  
• Congeneric weeds exist (P. suberosa, P. rubra, P. mollissima)
  
• Climbing, smothering growth habit
  
• Tolerates wide range of soil conditions
  
• Produces viable seed dispersed by animals and birds
  
• Intentional dispersal by people for edible fruit
  
• Seeds survive gut passage
  
• Regenerates after frost damage
  
• Fruits within 18 months

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Not allelopathic, parasitic, or toxic
  
• Requires full sun (not very shade tolerant)
  
• No vegetative reproduction in the wild
  
• No persistent seed bank (seeds viable <1 year)
  
• Well controlled by herbicides
  
• Susceptible to diseases (e.g., Fusarium wilt)