Family: Passifloraceae

High Risk Traits:

• Widely naturalized in tropics (Hawaii, Fiji, Pacific)
  
• Naturalized on all main Hawaiian Islands (Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Maui, and Hawaiʻi)
  
• Weed of disturbed areas, roadsides, coconut plantations, and agriculture
  
• Common weed in Jamaica, Puerto Rico, El Salvador
  
• Congener (T. subulata) is weedy
  
• Tolerates acidic to alkaline, sandy to clay soils
  
• Self-compatible (self-fertile homostylous forms)
  
• Short generation time (can flower within 1 year)
  
• Seeds dispersed locally by ants
  
• Resprouts after cutting or frost damage

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• No evidence of toxicity or allergenicity
  
• No vegetative reproduction (primarily seed-reproduced)
  
• No long-distance dispersal adaptations (no wind, water, bird, or external attachment mechanisms)