Family: Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia littoralis (calico flower, elegant Dutchman’s pipe) is a tropical vine prized for its large, heart-shaped leaves and striking maroon-and-cream patterned flowers that resemble small pipes. Native to South America, it has been widely planted as an ornamental for its unique appearance and fast growth.
In Hawaiʻi, Aristolochia littoralis has naturalized on Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, and Maui, escaping from cultivation into surrounding areas. This vigorous vine can climb and smother nearby plants, threatening native vegetation. Even more concerning, in Australia it has become notorious for endangering native swallowtail butterflies, such as the Cairns birdwing and the Richmond birdwing. The butterflies are attracted to the plant for egg-laying, but their larvae cannot survive on its toxic leaves—making it a dead-end host and a serious risk to these species.
Because of its invasive potential and harmful effects on native wildlife, this vine should be avoided. Gardeners are encouraged to plant non-invasive, butterfly-friendly alternatives instead.
High Risk Traits:
- Broad climate suitability, Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
- Thrives in tropical climates
- Naturalized on Kauai, Oahu and Maui (Hawaiian Islands) and elsewhere
- A weedy liana with potential impacts to agriculture
- An environmental weed in Australia
- Other Aristolochia species are invasive weeds
- Medicinal, and potentially toxic, properties (causes dermatitis)
- Climbing and smothering habit
- Reproduces by seeds
- Self-compatible
- Seeds dispersed by wind, water, in garden waste and intentionally by people
- May be able to resprout with herbicide treatment
Low Risk Traits:
- Despite naturalization, no negative impacts documented in Hawaiian Islands to date
- Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
- Ornamental value
- Herbicide may provide effective control
