Family: Pinaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m in temperate climates, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Naturalized in New England; possible escape in Denmark
  
• Other Abies species are regarded as invasive
  
• Potentially allelopathic
  
• Flammable and may increase fire risk where grown
  
• Shade-tolerant
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Forms pure stands within native range
  
• Hybridizes with other Abies species
  
• Produces wind-dispersed seeds
  
• Larger trees may be resistant to fire

Low Risk Traits:

• No reports of negative impacts where introduced or naturalized
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
  
• Palatable to grazing animals (although palatability may be low)
  
• Non-toxic
  
• Landscaping and ornamental value (Christmas Trees)
  
• Not reported to spread vegetatively
  
• Long time to reproductive maturity (40+ years)
  
• Will not form a persistent seed bank