Family: Pinaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized in Europe
  
• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m (environmental versatility)
  
• Possibly unpalatable
  
• Shade-tolerant (could invade forest understory)
  
• Tolerates many soil conditions (and potentially able to exploit many different habitat types)
  
• Forms pure stands in native range
  
• Hybridizes with other Abies species
  
• Self-compatible (but with limited seed set)
  
• May sucker or spread vegetatively
  
• Winged seeds dispersed by wind

Low Risk Traits:

• No negative impacts or reports of invasiveness have been documented
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
  
• Non-toxic
  
• Landscaping and ornamental value (Christmas Trees)
  
• Will not increase fire hazards or risks
  
• Long time to reproductive maturity (15+ years)
  
• Wind-dispersed seeds unlikely to be accidentally dispersed by other means
  
• Will not form a persistent soil seed bank