Family: Pinaceae
High Risk Traits:
- Thrives in tropical and subtropical climates (high elevation)
- Environmental versatility (broad elevation range from 1200–3600 m)
- Forms dense thickets, potentially altering native ecosystems
Low Risk Traits:
- Not known to naturalize outside its native range
- No evidence of invasiveness or significant negative impacts in introduced areas
- Slow growth and long time to reproductive maturity (20+ years)
- Low seed viability and short-lived seed bank
- Seeds require cold stratification for germination, limiting natural spread in tropical lowlands
- Requires specific high-altitude conditions, reducing risk of spread in lowland tropical areas
