Family: Apocynaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Widely cultivated, increasing introduction risk.
  
• Seeds are wind-dispersed via a tuft of hairs (pappus).
  
• Toxic to humans and animals, reducing herbivory.
  
• Unpalatable to grazing animals.

Low Risk Traits:

• No record of naturalization or invasiveness anywhere.
  
• Not self-fertile; requires cross-pollination between two different plants.
  
• Requires specialist pollinators (e.g., hawk moths).
  
• Cannot spread vegetatively from fragments.
  
• Seeds are short-lived with no persistent soil seed bank.
  
• Cold-sensitive and frost-tender, limiting its range.
  
• Poor tolerance to mutilation; damaged plants are prone to fatal rot.