Family: Pteridaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Grows in tropical to subtropical climates
  
• Widely naturalized in main Hawaiian islands
  
• Environmental weed (threatens native biodiversity and endangered plant species)
  
• Other Adiantum species are invasive
  
• Probably unpalatable
  
• Shade-tolerant
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Forms dense clumps or mats capable of excluding other vegetation
  
• Reproduces by spores and vegetatively by rhizomes
  
• Apogamous (able to reproduce asexually without fertilization)
  
• Spores dispersed by wind, probably by water, and possibly through external attachment to shoes or equipment in soil
  
• Planted intentionally by people (source of future propagules)
  
• Prolific spore production
  
• Spores can remain viable for 10-15 years
  
• May recover after fire

Low Risk Traits:

• Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
  
• No verified reports of toxicity
  
• Ornamental