Family: Araceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized on O'ahu
  
• Environmental Versatility: Tolerates a wide range of soils and some salt.
  
• Intentionally Introduced: Widely cultivated as an ornamental plant globally.
  
• Toxicity: All parts contain calcium oxalate crystals, harmful if ingested.
  
• Unpalatable: Deters grazing animals due to its toxicity.
  
• Disease Host: Susceptible to several significant fungi and viruses.
  
• Shade Tolerant: Can establish and grow in low-light, forest understory conditions.
  
• Bird-Dispersed: Produces berries that are likely consumed and dispersed by birds.

Low Risk Traits:

• No Structural Defenses: Lacks spines, thorns, or burrs.
  
• Not Allelopathic or Parasitic: Does not inhibit other plants or parasitize them.
  
• Low Reproduction: Produces a limited number of seeds and no persistent seed bank.
  
• No Vegetative Spread: Does not reproduce by fragmentation.
  
• Slow Growth: Has a long minimum generative time (several years to maturity).