Family: Marattiaceae

High Risk Traits:

• High climate match for tropics/subtropics
  
• History of introductions outside native range
  
• Naturalized in multiple regions (e.g., Hawaii, Jamaica)
  
• Environmental weed – crowds out native species
  
• Shade tolerant
  
• Forms dense thickets
  
• Produces viable spores in large quantities
  
• Reproduces vegetatively from fragments
  
• Wind and water-dispersed spores
  
• Prolific spore production
  
• Lacks effective natural enemies in invaded areas

Low Risk Traits:

• Narrow climate suitability (only wet tropics/subtropics)
  
• No spines, toxicity, or allelopathy
  
• Palatable to grazers (e.g., goats)
  
• Not a fire hazard
  
• Limited soil tolerance
  
• Slow maturation (years to reproduce)
  
• Not dispersed by animals
  
• Sensitive to fire and physical damage