Family: Poaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad climate suitability and elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Grows in upper elevations of subtropical islands
  
• Naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (Hawaiian Islands) and widely naturalized elsewhere
  
• A disturbance adapted weed with negative environmental impact
  
• Other Anthoxanthum species are invasive
  
• Allelopathic
  
• Can be indirectly toxic to grazing animals
  
• Pollen causes asthma and allergies
  
• Can create a fire hazard in invaded ecosystems
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Forms dense mats that can prevent native seedling regeneration
  
• Reproduces by seeds
  
• Can reach maturity in one growing season
  
• Seeds dispersed by adhering to machinery, as a contaminant, by wind, and internally by grazing animals
  
• Prolific seed production
  
• Seeds may remain viable for 2-5 years

Low Risk Traits:

• From temperate regions (may limit ability to invade to higher elevations of tropical islands)
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
  
• Provides forage for grazing animals
  
• Grows in full sun (shade may limit spread)
  
• Self-incompatible
  
• Not reported to spread vegetatively
  
• Herbicides may provide effective control