Family: Proteaceae

Banksia spinulosa, or hairpin banksia, is an Australian shrub known for its striking, spiky flower spikes and finely serrated leaves. While its unique flowers attract birds and insects, and its ornamental appearance makes it appealing in gardens elsewhere, it is considered High Risk in Hawaii. Although not currently known to be naturalized in Hawaii, this species has traits—such as abundant seed production, adaptability to different soils, and adaptations to fire—that increase its potential to spread and impact native ecosystems.

Because of these risks, Banksia spinulosa is not recommended for cultivation in Hawaii. Gardeners are encouraged to choose low-risk native alternatives like ʻōhiʻa, kōpiko, and ʻakoko, which provide similar aesthetic and ecological benefits without threatening local habitats. Careful selection of plants helps protect Hawaii’s unique native species and landscapes.

High Risk Traits:

• Broad climate suitability (tropical to temperate)
  
• Tolerates varied soils and some shade
  
• Fire-adapted: resprouts and releases seeds after fire
  
• Wind-dispersed seeds
  
• Widely planted as an ornamental
  
• Congeneric species are invasive
  
• Forms a persistent seed bank
  
• Self-compatible; can set seed without pollinators

Low Risk Traits:

• Not known to have naturalized elsewhere
  
• Not a reported agricultural or environmental weed
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Non-toxic to humans and animals
  
• Low allergenicity
  
• No vegetative reproduction
  
• Low seed production
  
• No unintentional dispersal mechanisms