Family: Brassicaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m
  
• Widely naturalized
  
• A disturbance-adapted agricultural weed
  
• Related Barbarea species have become invasive
  
• Unpalatable at later growth stage
  
• Toxic to cattle and other animals if consumed in large quantities
  
• Host of crop pathogens
  
• Shade-tolerant
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Self-compatible (with lowered seed set)
  
• Typically reaches maturity in 2 years
  
• Seeds easily dispersed by sticking to animals, people, or machinery
  
• Viable seeds may be dispersed after ingestion by animals
  
• Prolific seed production
  
• Forms a long-lived seed bank (10-20 years)
  
• Will resprout after rosettes or roots are cut

Low Risk Traits:

• Barbarea vulgaris has an obligate requirement for vernalization
  
• An early successional species
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
  
• Occasionally consumed as a salad green or a cooked vegetable
  
• Does not spread vegetatively
  
• Well-controlled by herbicides