Family: Phyllanthaceae

Bishopwood (Bischofia javanica) is a fast-growing evergreen tree native to tropical regions of Southeast Asia and Indonesia. It is easily recognized by its glossy, compound leaves with three leaflets and its reddish-brown, flaky bark. Historically, it was introduced to many places, including Hawaiʻi, as an ornamental shade tree for gardens and landscapes, and its strong, reddish timber has been used for construction and furniture.

Unfortunately, bishopwood is a high-risk invasive species that poses a serious threat to native ecosystems. Its seeds are widely spread by birds, allowing it to invade undisturbed native forests where it forms dense shade, crowding out native plants. The tree is also known for its aggressive surface roots that can damage sidewalks and infrastructure, and its foliage is reported to be toxic to pets like dogs and cats. Due to its ability to resprout vigorously after being cut and its tolerance for a wide range of conditions, it is difficult to control once established, making it a poor choice for planting in Hawaiʻi.

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized and invasive in Florida, Hawaii, and the Bonin Islands
  
• Invades and disrupts native plant communities
  
• Toxic to dogs and cats
  
• Shade tolerant at germination and establishment
  
• Tolerates wide range of soils, salt, drought, and flooding
  
• Bird-dispersed seeds
  
• Prolific seed production
  
• Resprouts vigorously after cutting

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Dioecious (requires separate male/female plants)
  
• No vegetative reproduction
  
• Short-lived seed bank (3-6 months)
  
• Controllable with herbicides