Family: Scrophulariaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized outside native range
  
• Weed in disturbed/urban areas
  
• Competes with forestry/agricultural species
  
• Environmental weed in streambeds/landslides
  
• Wind-dispersed seeds (315,000 seeds/kg)
  
• Persistent soil seed bank
  
• Regrows vigorously after cutting
  
• Forms dense thickets
  
• Repeatedly introduced as ornamental

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines/allelopathy/parasitism
  
• Not toxic to animals or humans
  
• Not shade-tolerant
  
• Spreads by seed, not vegetative fragments
  
• Herbicide-controllable (glyphosate/triclopyr)