Family: Scrophulariaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized globally in tropics/subtropics
  
• Forms smothering thickets
  
• Shade and soil tolerant
  
• Spreads by seed, birds, water, and vegetative fragments
  
• Animal-dispersed; seeds survive digestion
  
• Human-mediated dispersal (ornamental, waste)
  
• Resprouts after fire/damage
  
• Pest host; climate versatile

Low Risk Traits:

• Non-toxic; no spines/allelopathy
  
• Not wind-dispersed
  
• Low seed production
  
• Controllable with herbicides