Family: Cannaceae
High Risk Traits:
- Naturalizes readily outside cultivation
- Broad climate tolerance (USDA Zones 7b–11)
- Naturalized in tropics/subtropics worldwide
- Forms dense, crowding thickets
- Spreads by rhizomes and seed
- Self-compatible; hybridizes easily
- Short generation time (flowers in first year)
- Seeds water- and bird-dispersed; survive gut passage
- Human-dispersed via gardening and waste
- Persistent seed bank (viable >600 years)
- Tolerates cutting and fire (resprouts)
- Documented as a disturbance/wetland weed in multiple regions
Low Risk Traits:
- No spines, thorns, or burrs
- Not allelopathic or parasitic
- Not toxic to animals
- Not shade-tolerant
- Seeds not wind-dispersed or externally carried by animals
- Not a known produce contaminant
