Family: Urticaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad climate adaptability – grows in varied tropical/subtropical conditions.
  
• Established invasive – naturalized in Hawaii and invasive on Rarotonga.
  
• Aggressive colonizer – quickly occupies disturbed areas.
  
• High seed production – up to ~900,000 seeds per tree.
  
• Animal-dispersed – seeds spread by birds, bats, and mammals.
  
• Forms thickets – can create monotypic stands.
  
• Related species invasive – congener (C. peltata) is invasive.

Low Risk Traits:

• Not toxic or allelopathic – safe for animals and humans.
  
• Shade-intolerant – requires open, high-light conditions.
  
• Dioecious – requires separate male and female trees.
  
• Seed-dependent – no vegetative reproduction.
  
• Short-lived seed bank – seed viability lasts only about 1 year.