Family: Poaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized outside native range (including on Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Lāna‘i, Kaho‘olawe, Maui, and Hawai‘i; potentially naturalizing on Moloka‘i)
  
• Weedy races exist (normal form)
  
• Environmental and agricultural weed
  
• Congeneric weeds present
  
• Unpalatable to grazers
  
• Creates fire hazard
  
• Tolerates wide range of soils
  
• Produces viable, apomictic seeds
  
• No specialist pollinators needed
  
• Reproductive in 1 year
  
• Dispersed unintentionally (vehicles, humans, livestock)
  
• Dispersed intentionally (ornamental trade)
  
• Dispersed as contaminant, wind, water, externally by animals
  
• Persistent seed bank (≥6 years)
  
• Fire-adapted

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines, burrs, or thorns
  
• Not toxic to animals or humans
  
• Not shade tolerant
  
• No vegetative spread