Family: Lamiaceae

High Risk Traits:

• High climate suitability for tropics/subtropics
  
• Widely introduced and naturalized globally
  
• Forms dense, shading thickets
  
• Weed in gardens, agriculture, and natural areas
  
• Tolerates shade and poor soils
  
• Spreads aggressively via root suckers and fragments
  
• Resistant to grazing; unpalatable to livestock
  
• No effective local natural enemies
  
• Tolerates slashing and regrows readily
  
• Can expand rapidly in open areas (6–8 m/year)

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Not parasitic or toxic to humans
  
• Does not increase fire risk
  
• Sterile form common (no seeds/fruit)
  
• No persistent seed bank
  
• Controllable with herbicides
  
• Not wind, bird, or externally animal-dispersed