Family: Iridaceae
High Risk Traits:
- Thrives and spreads in regions with temperate to tropical climates
- Naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii (Hawaiian Islands) and widely naturalized elsewhere
- An environmental weed in Australia, New Zealand, and certain natural areas in the Hawaiian Islands
- Tolerant of deer and rabbits (may be unpalatable)
- May be toxic to pets if ingested
- Shade tolerant
- Tolerates many soil types
- Forms dense cover that excludes other vegetation
- Geophyte
- Reproduces by seeds (rarely, if ever, in Hawaii) and vegetatively by corms and stolons
- Corms and seeds (rarely) dispersed by water, machinery, contaminated soil or dumped garden waste
- Fire-resistant and regrows after cutting
Low Risk Traits:
- Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
- Limited or absent seed production may limit long-distance dispersal
- Herbicides may provide effective control