Family: Iridaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Thrives and spreads in regions with temperate to tropical climates
  
• Naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii (Hawaiian Islands) and widely naturalized elsewhere
  
• An environmental weed in Australia, New Zealand, and certain natural areas in the Hawaiian Islands
  
• Tolerant of deer and rabbits (may be unpalatable)
  
• May be toxic to pets if ingested
  
• Shade tolerant
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Forms dense cover that excludes other vegetation
  
• Geophyte
  
• Reproduces by seeds (rarely, if ever, in Hawaii) and vegetatively by corms and stolons
  
• Corms and seeds (rarely) dispersed by water, machinery, contaminated soil or dumped garden waste
  
• Fire-resistant and regrows after cutting

Low Risk Traits:

• Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
  
• Limited or absent seed production may limit long-distance dispersal
  
• Herbicides may provide effective control