Family: Cupressaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Grows in subtropical climates
  
• Naturalized outside native range, but no evidence from Hawaiian Islands to date (despite numerous plantings statewide 80+ years ago)
  
• Leaf-tips spiny
  
• Flammable and may increase fir risk in fire prone areas
  
• Forms pure stands in native range (but no evidence of naturally occurring dense stands outside native range)
  
• Reproduces by seeds and vegetatively by suckering
  
• Capable of self-pollination, but seed set may be reduced
  
• Seeds dispersed by wind and intentionally by people
  
• Able to coppice and resprout after cutting

Low Risk Traits:

• No verified reports of detrimental impacts outside native range
  
• Palatable to some browsing animals (but spiny leaves may deter browsing)
  
• Non-toxic
  
• Valued for ornamental and forestry uses
  
• Reaches maturity in 6-8 years
  
• Does not form a persistent soil seed bank
  
• Herbicides may provide effective control of seedlings and younger plants (further evaluation needed)