Family: Cupressaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized: Documented in O'ahu, Queensland & Victoria, Australia
  
• Climate versatile: Altitude 0–3000 m; multiple vegetation zones
  
• Widely introduced: Planted worldwide for forestry & ornament
  
• Allelopathic: Leaf extracts inhibit germination & growth of other plants
  
• Fire hazard: Dense understory shrubs increase fire risk
  
• Soil tolerant: Grows on acid, limestone, sandstone, volcanic soils
  
• Viable seed: Up to 33.5% germination
  
• Persistent seed bank: Serotinous cones store seed 15–20 years
  
• Wind dispersed: Seeds winged
  
• Prolific seed: ~75 seeds per cone
  
• Congeneric weed
  
• Tolerates pruning: Regrows after cutting; good for hedges

Low Risk Traits:

• Not a listed weed: No evidence as agricultural, environmental, or disturbance weed
  
• Slow maturity: First flowering at ~15 years
  
• Shade intolerant: Cannot establish in shade
  
• No vegetative spread: Does not reproduce clonally
  
• No spines/thorns: Lacks physical defenses
  
• Limited dispersal: No water, bird, or animal dispersal mechanisms
  
• Declining viability: Germination drops in cones >5–7 years old