Family: Cycadaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Toxic to animals and humans (all parts poisonous)
  
• Host to fungi and scale pests (45+ fungi; cycad scale)
  
• Bird- and mammal-dispersed seeds (attractive, showy, survive gut passage)
  
• Widely cultivated and intentionally introduced worldwide
  
• Nitrogen-fixing (via cyanobacteria in coralloid roots)
  
• Tolerates shade and wide soil conditions
  
• Produces viable seed (up to 1,000 seeds per large plant)

Low Risk Traits:

• No evidence of naturalization or weediness anywhere
  
• No spines, thorns, burrs, or allelopathic effects
  
• No vegetative fragmentation in wild
  
• Dioecious (obligate outcrosser), no self-compatibility
  
• Very slow to mature (15+ years to reproduce)
  
• Large seeds; no wind or adhesive dispersal; no contaminant risk
  
• No seed dormancy (no persistent seed bank)
  
• Not a fire hazard; limited regeneration after mutilation
  
• No congeneric weeds reported