Family: Rubiaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Thrives in tropical climates
  
• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating some environmental versatility
  
• Naturalizing on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
  
• Shade-tolerant
  
• Viable seeds dispersed by birds and other frugivorous animals
  
• Not widely planted outside native range. Limited biological and ecological information makes accurate risk prediction difficult

Low Risk Traits:

• No reports of detrimental impacts or invasiveness to date (but not widely cultivated)
  
• No related species documented as invasive
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
  
• Non-toxic
  
• Ornamental