Family: Podocarpaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 3000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Grows in tropical climates (climate of Hawaiian Islands unlikely to be a limiting factor)
  
• Naturalized in Lyon Arboretum, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
  
• Shade-tolerant when young (able to establish in forest understories)
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Forms pure stands in native range
  
• Reproduces by bird-dispersed seeds
  
• Seeds dispersed by birds and intentionally by people
  
• Tolerates fire and able to form basal sprouts (possible coppicing ability)

Low Risk Traits:

• No reports of negative or detrimental impacts to date (but only reported as naturalized in Hawaiian Islands)
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
  
• Non-toxic
  
• Slow growth rate and presumably long time to reproductive maturity (exact age unknown)
  
• Seeds germinate rapidly and do not form a persistent soil seed bank