Family: Asphodelaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Bird-dispersed seeds (fleshy berries) facilitate spread.
  
• Shade tolerant, can establish in forest understories.
  
• Environmentally versatile – tolerates drought, moisture, sun, and shade.
  
• Intentionally planted as an ornamental, aiding introduction.
  
• Vegetative spread via underground stolons; can be dominant in gardens.
  
• Resprouts after frost/dieback (tolerates mutilation).

Low Risk Traits:

• Relies on specialist pollinators (buzz bees), but this may not limit spread if those bees are present.
  
• No evidence of naturalization despite repeated introductions.
  
• Not a weed (agricultural, environmental, or congeneric).
  
• No physical defenses (thorns, spines, burrs).
  
• No fire hazard – grows in moist habitats.
  
• Soil specific – requires well-drained conditions.