Family: Doryanthaceae

Origin, Description & Uses:
The gymea lily, or flame lily (Doryanthes excelsa), is native to eastern Australia, where it grows in coastal forests and heathlands. This striking plant features tall, sword-like leaves and dramatic flowering stalks that can reach up to 10 feet, topped with clusters of bright red, tubular flowers that attract birds and pollinators. Gymea lilies are primarily grown as ornamental plants for their bold architectural form and vibrant blooms. While not commonly used for food, their dramatic appearance makes them a favorite in gardens and public landscapes.

Risks & Threats:
Although the gymea lily is not known to be naturalized in Hawaii, it is considered low risk. It does not currently pose a threat to native ecosystems, and its growth is generally confined to cultivated gardens. Gardeners can enjoy its striking flowers without significant concern, but, as with all non-native plants, monitoring is recommended to ensure it does not escape into sensitive natural areas.

High Risk Traits:

• Adaptable to broad climates beyond native range (Mediterranean, Zone 9b)
  
• Repeatedly introduced outside native range (popular in California)
  
• Geophyte with underground storage organs (survives drought/fire)
  
• Self-compatible reproduction
  
• Reproduces vegetatively (suckering)
  
• Wind-dispersed seeds (flattened/winged)
  
• Resprouts after fire (tolerates disturbance)
  
• Shade tolerant

Low Risk Traits:

• No evidence of naturalization outside native range
  
• Not listed as any category of weed
  
• Very long generation time (8-10+ years to flower)
  
• Low seed production; no persistent seed bank (<1 year)
  
• No spines, toxins, allelopathy, or major pests
  
• Requires well-drained, deep soils (limited soil tolerance)
  
• No external dispersal mechanisms (not bird/animal dispersed)