Family: Onagraceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 2000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Temperate species that is naturalized in tropical climates
  
• Naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii islands
  
• Environmental weed that threatens the endangered Hawaiian fern Diplazium molokaiense
  
• Other Epilobium species are invasive
  
• Reproduces by seeds and vegetatively
  
• Able to reach maturity in one growing season
  
• Seeds dispersed by wind and possibly due to human activities
  
• Able to resprout after fires

Low Risk Traits:

• Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
  
• Palatable go grazing animals
  
• Non-toxic
  
• May not be able to establish in dense shade
  
• Certain herbicides may provide effective control