Family: Euphorbiaceae

Origin, Description & Uses:
Euphorbia cotinifolia, commonly known as red spurge or Caribbean copper plant, is a striking ornamental shrub or small tree native to tropical regions of Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. It is prized for its deep burgundy to reddish-purple leaves, which resemble those of a smoke tree, and for its airy clusters of small, pale flowers. This fast-growing plant is often used in landscaping as a colorful accent, hedge, or privacy screen in warm climates. Its bold foliage provides year-round visual interest, making it a popular choice for gardens and urban plantings in tropical and subtropical areas, including Hawaiʻi.

Risks & Threats:
Red spurge is considered low risk in Hawaiʻi, with no significant evidence of invasive behavior. While it can reproduce by seed and cuttings, it typically does not spread aggressively or outcompete native vegetation. However, like many members of the Euphorbia genus, it produces a milky sap that can be irritating to the skin and eyes and is toxic if ingested, so care should be taken when handling or planting near children and pets. With responsible management and proper placement, Euphorbia cotinifolia can be safely enjoyed as an ornamental without posing notable ecological concerns.

High Risk Traits:

• Toxic to humans and animals: Latex causes severe blistering, eye damage, and is unpalatable to livestock
  
• Congeneric weeds: Other Euphorbia species are significant agricultural weeds
  
• History of introductions: Widely cultivated outside native range
  
• Tolerates mutilation: Survives severe pruning; propagated by stakes
  
• Vegetative reproduction: Readily spreads from cuttings

Low Risk Traits:

• No evidence of naturalization or weediness
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Not allelopathic, parasitic, or smothering
  
• Does not form dense thickets
  
• Limited dispersal: Dry schizocarps with no specialized dispersal mechanisms