Family: Brassicaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Naturalized in Taiwan and possibly elsewhere
  
• Regarded as invasive in lakeshores and riparian habitats, although impacts are unspecified
  
• May be a skin irritant to susceptible individuals
  
• Shade-tolerant
  
• Reproduces by seeds and vegetatively by rhizomes
  
• Seeds likely dispersed by water, adhering to surfaces, and intentionally by cultivation
  
• Seeds exhibit dormancy, but lose viability if dried
  
• May be able to coppice and resprout after cutting

Low Risk Traits:

• Domesticated since about 10th century
  
• Although reported as invasive, no impacts have been specified
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)
  
• Valuable food plant
  
• Self-incompatible
  
• Seeds lose viability if dried