Family: Rosaceae

Origin, Description & Uses:
Photinia arbutifolia (toyon), also known as California holly or Hollywood, is a shrub or small tree native to California and parts of the southwestern United States. It typically grows 6–15 feet tall, with glossy, evergreen leaves and clusters of small white flowers that bloom in spring. These are followed by bright red berries in fall and winter, giving the plant strong ornamental appeal. Toyon has long been used in landscaping for hedges, wildlife gardens, and erosion control, and its berries are valued as a food source for birds.

Risks & Threats:
In Hawaiʻi, toyon is naturalized and possesses traits that are cause for concern. It produces abundant seeds that are readily spread by birds, allowing it to establish and spread beyond cultivated areas. This species can form dense thickets that outcompete native vegetation, potentially altering forest structure and reducing biodiversity. Because tropical island ecosystems are especially vulnerable to invasive species, the spread of toyon could have detrimental ecological impacts. For these reasons, it is recommended to choose a low-risk or native alternative for landscaping and restoration projects rather than intentionally cultivating this species.

High Risk Traits:

• Native to subtropical region
  
• Naturalized in Hawaii
  
• Broad environmental tolerance
  
• Toxic to animals
  
• Host for Phytophthora ramorum (sudden oak death)
  
• Shade tolerant
  
• Tolerant to wide range of soil conditions
  
• Forms dense thickets
  
• Bird, animal, and water dispersal
  
• Prolific seeder
  
• Resprouts after fires

Low Risk Traits:

• Not a weed elsewhere
  
• Palatable to animals
  
• No persistent seed bank