Family: Apocynaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Bears sharp spines on the tubercles
  
• Reproduces by seeds, and capable or rooting from side branches
  
• Seeds dispersed by wind and through intentional cultivation
  
• Gaps in biological and ecological information may reduce accuracy of risk prediction

Low Risk Traits:

• No reports of invasiveness or naturalization, but introduction outside native range is limited
  
• Susceptibility to pests and pathogens reduces risk of spread in the Hawaiian Islands
  
• Low seed viability in the Hawaiian Islands reduces risk of accidental dispersal