Family: Apocynaceae
High Risk Traits:
- Bears sharp spines on the tubercles
- Reproduces by seeds, and capable or rooting from side branches
- Seeds dispersed by wind and through intentional cultivation
- Gaps in biological and ecological information may reduce accuracy of risk prediction
Low Risk Traits:
- No reports of invasiveness or naturalization, but introduction outside native range is limited
- Susceptibility to pests and pathogens reduces risk of spread in the Hawaiian Islands
- Low seed viability in the Hawaiian Islands reduces risk of accidental dispersal