Family: Lindsaeaceae

Lindsaea ensifolia (graceful necklace fern) is a terrestrial fern native to Singapore. It is used as an ornamental plant in terrariums and as an air purifier. This plant has been documented as naturalized on the islands of Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Maui, Molokai and Hawaiʻi, and spreads by prolific spore production. Although it is naturalized, no detrimental impacts on ecosystems have been reported thus far.

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m in the Hawaiian Islands
  
• Thrives in tropical climates
  
• Naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai and Hawaii (Hawaiian Islands)
  
• Shade-tolerant
  
• Reproduces by prolific spore production
  
• Hybridizes with native fern Sphenomeris chinensis
  
• Spores dispersed by wind and water (based on general fern biology and inferred from fern’s distribution along streams)
  
• Gaps in biological and ecological information reduce accuracy of risk prediction

Low Risk Traits:

• Despite naturalization and hybridization, generally regarded as an innocuous fern with no specific detrimental impacts reported
  
• Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
  
• Non-toxic