Family: Magnoliaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad climate suitability (cool temperate to tropical)
  
• Native or naturalized in tropical/subtropical regions
  
• Potentially naturalizing on O'ahu
  
• History of repeated introductions outside native range
  
• Intentional dispersal by people (ornamental, agroforestry)
  
• Bird-dispersed seeds (with gut passage improving germination)
  
• Suited for coppicing

Low Risk Traits:

• No evidence of weediness
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Not allelopathic, parasitic, or toxic
  
• Requires full sun (not shade tolerant)
  
• Seeds lose viability quickly (no persistent seed bank)
  
• Large seeds (0.6–1.0 cm), not adapted for wind or water dispersal
  
• No evidence of accidental dispersal as a contaminant
  
• Long time to flower (slow maturity)