Family: Polypodiaceae

Origin, Description & Uses
Microsorum musifolium (crocodile fern) is a tropical fern native to regions from southern Myanmar through Southeast Asia to New Guinea. This striking epiphytic fern naturally grows on trees in warm, humid forests, though it can also grow on rocks or in loose organic material. It is especially valued for its distinctive bright green fronds marked with dark, raised veins that resemble crocodile skin. Because of its unusual texture and attractive foliage, crocodile fern is widely cultivated as an ornamental houseplant and landscape fern in shaded tropical gardens, hanging baskets, and interiorscapes. It is generally easy to grow in moist, sheltered environments and is appreciated for adding a lush tropical appearance.

Risks & Threats
Crocodile fern is considered a low risk species for Hawaii. While it can reproduce by spores like many ferns, there is little evidence that it spreads aggressively or causes ecological harm in natural areas. It typically prefers consistently moist, shaded habitats and does not appear to form dense infestations or outcompete native vegetation. As with any non-native plant, responsible cultivation and proper disposal of garden waste are encouraged to help prevent unintended spread. At this time, however, Microsorum musifolium is not regarded as a significant threat to Hawaii’s ecosystems and is considered a relatively safe ornamental choice for tropical landscapes.

High Risk Traits:

• Broad climate suitability (USDA zones 9a–11; up to 1200 m elevation)
  
• History of repeated introductions outside native range (Florida, Louisiana, Washington)
  
• Shade tolerant
  
• Geophyte (stout rhizome)
  
• Produces viable spores
  
• Vegetative reproduction via rhizome division
  
• Propagules dispersed unintentionally (minute spores attach to surfaces)
  
• Propagules dispersed intentionally by people (commercially sold)
  
• Wind-dispersed spores
  
• Water-dispersed spores
  
• Prolific spore production (thousands per plant)

Low Risk Traits:

• No evidence of naturalization or weediness
  
• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• No allelopathic, parasitic, or toxic properties
  
• No fire hazard (wet habitat adapted)