Family: Apocynaceae

Origin, Description & Uses
Orbea variegata, commonly known as carrion flower, starfish plant, or toadplant, is a succulent species native to the southwestern and southern Cape Provinces of South Africa. This low-growing plant is known for its unusual star-shaped flowers, which are mottled in shades of yellow, cream, and maroon. The flowers emit a scent resembling decaying flesh that attracts fly pollinators in its native habitat. Like many succulents, it has fleshy, leafless stems adapted for dry conditions and is commonly grown as a novelty ornamental in rock gardens, succulent collections, hanging baskets, and drought-tolerant landscapes. Its striking appearance and ease of cultivation have made it popular among collectors worldwide.

Risks & Threats
Although Orbea variegata is not currently known to be naturalized in the Hawaiian Islands, it possesses traits that are cause for concern and could potentially detrimentally impact tropical island ecosystems if introduced into suitable environments. This species can spread vegetatively from stem fragments, tolerate dry and disturbed conditions, and establish dense patches when unmanaged. Succulent plants with similar growth habits have demonstrated the ability to persist outside cultivation in warm climates. If improperly discarded or planted near natural areas, Orbea variegata could compete with native vegetation and contribute to the spread of non-native succulent communities in sensitive habitats. Because of these concerns, Plant Pono recommends choosing low-risk or native alternatives whenever suitable options are available.

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized in Australia, from Mediterranean to subtropical climates
  
• An environmental weed in Australia, suppressing native plant recruitment
  
• Shade-tolerant (able to establish other under plants)
  
• Forms dense mats that can suppress other vegetation
  
• Reproduces by seeds and vegetatively
  
• Plants are self-fertile
  
• Able to reach reproductive maturity in 2+ years
  
• Seeds dispersed by wind, and possibly other vectors
  
• Plants dispersed intentionally by people (as an ornamental)

Low Risk Traits:

• Non-toxic
  
• Ornamental
  
• Limited production of viable seeds
  
• Seeds lack dormancy and should not form a persistent seed bank
  
• Certain herbicides may provide effective control