Family: Apocynaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Spiny
  
• Toxic
  
• Reproduces by seeds
  
• Possibly self-compatible
  
• Seeds dispersed by wind and people

Low Risk Traits:

• No reports of invasiveness or naturalization
  
• Landscaping and ornamental value
  
• Specialized pollinator requirements (likely limits seed set outside native range)
  
• Reaches maturity in 6+ years [slow growing]
  
• Not reported to spread vegetatively
  
• Limited seed production [due to seed predation]
  
• Short seed viability