Family: Rubiaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Broad climate tolerance (tropical to temperate, 0–3000 m)
  
• Naturalized in Hawaii, southern US, Mascarenes
  
• Invades pastures, horticultural crops, roadsides, natural areas
  
• Listed as Category 1 invasive in Florida
  
• Congeneric (P. cruddasiana) also weedy
  
• Aggressive, smothering vine
  
• Shade tolerant
  
• Tolerates wide range of soils and light
  
• Creates fire ladder to tree canopies
  
• Produces viable seed
  
• Vegetative reproduction (stems root freely)
  
• Bird-dispersed seeds
  
• Spread via yard waste and intentional ornamental planting
  
• Regrows after cutting

Low Risk Traits:

• No spines, thorns, or burrs
  
• Not toxic to animals or humans (edible/medicinal)
  
• Self-incompatible (requires cross-pollination)
  
• No wind, water, or external animal dispersal
  
• Low seed production
  
• No persistent seed bank (germinates within weeks)
  
• Poor single-herbicide control (needs repeated applications)