Family: Asphodelaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Naturalized in Hawaii and Spain
  
• Environmental weed in Hawaii (top 10 priority)
  
• Forms dense, exclusionary thickets
  
• Reproduces vegetatively via rhizomes; resprouts after uprooting
  
• Produces >10,000 seeds per inflorescence
  
• Wind-dispersed winged seeds
  
• Self-compatible
  
• Hybridizes with P. colensoi
  
• Deliberately spread by humans (fiber crop)
  
• Tolerates mutilation; requires repeat herbicide
  
• Wide soil tolerance (sand, poor drainage, peat)

Low Risk Traits:

• Lacks spines, toxins, or allelopathy
  
• Prefers full sun (not shade tolerant)
  
• Takes 6–7 years to flower from seed
  
• No seed bank