Family: Pinaceae

High Risk Traits:

• Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility
  
• Thrives in tropical climates
  
• Naturalized on Maui (Hawaiian Islands), and elsewhere
  
• An environmental weed that competes with native species
  
• Other pine species are invasive
  
• Allelopathic
  
• Tolerates many soil types
  
• Forms dense, monotypic stands
  
• Reproduces by seeds
  
• Hybridizes with P. oocarpa
  
• Capable of self-pollination
  
• Seeds dispersed by wind, sometimes by birds, rodents and intentionally by people
  
• Capable of prolific seed production
  
• Seeds may remain viable in soil for up to 3 years
  
• Tolerates fire

Low Risk Traits:

• Unarmed (no spines, thorns, or burrs)
  
• Planted as a timber tree, windbreak, and ornamental
  
• Not reported to spread vegetatively
  
• Herbicides may provide effective control